Simple Qiskit Program: Superposition and Entanglement
Key Points
- The video recaps quantum fundamentals: qubits can exist in superposition (0, 1, or any combination) and become entangled, with state changes effected by quantum gates followed by measurement.
- To program quantum computers, developers use a quantum SDK; the tutorial focuses on Qiskit, a Python‑based and widely adopted framework.
- A simple Qiskit program is built by creating a quantum circuit with two quantum registers (for the qubits) and two classical registers (to store measurement results), then applying a Hadamard gate to put the first qubit into superposition and a CNOT (control‑not) gate to entangle the two qubits.
- After applying the gates, the circuit measures both qubits with a “measure all” call, allowing the quantum outcomes to be read back into the classical world, and repeated runs on an ideal quantum computer reveal the expected probabilistic results.
Sections
- Getting Started with Qiskit - The speaker briefly revisits qubits, superposition, and entanglement before demonstrating how to write a simple two‑qubit program in Python using the Qiskit quantum SDK.
- Understanding the CNOT Gate and Entanglement - The passage explains how a control‑NOT gate entangles two qubits, yields only 00 or 11 measurement outcomes with equal probability, and demonstrates this using a simple Qiskit program.
Full Transcript
# Simple Qiskit Program: Superposition and Entanglement **Source:** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jx7IuJMYtJM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jx7IuJMYtJM) **Duration:** 00:05:58 ## Summary - The video recaps quantum fundamentals: qubits can exist in superposition (0, 1, or any combination) and become entangled, with state changes effected by quantum gates followed by measurement. - To program quantum computers, developers use a quantum SDK; the tutorial focuses on Qiskit, a Python‑based and widely adopted framework. - A simple Qiskit program is built by creating a quantum circuit with two quantum registers (for the qubits) and two classical registers (to store measurement results), then applying a Hadamard gate to put the first qubit into superposition and a CNOT (control‑not) gate to entangle the two qubits. - After applying the gates, the circuit measures both qubits with a “measure all” call, allowing the quantum outcomes to be read back into the classical world, and repeated runs on an ideal quantum computer reveal the expected probabilistic results. ## Sections - [00:00:00](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jx7IuJMYtJM&t=0s) **Getting Started with Qiskit** - The speaker briefly revisits qubits, superposition, and entanglement before demonstrating how to write a simple two‑qubit program in Python using the Qiskit quantum SDK. - [00:03:11](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jx7IuJMYtJM&t=191s) **Understanding the CNOT Gate and Entanglement** - The passage explains how a control‑NOT gate entangles two qubits, yields only 00 or 11 measurement outcomes with equal probability, and demonstrates this using a simple Qiskit program. ## Full Transcript
In my previous video, I talked about what quantum computing is and what makes it special. But as
a developer, I'm sure you want to know how to actually write a piece of code that would run
on a common computer. But before we dive into that, let's just do a little bit of a quick
recap. Instead of the classical bits of 0s and 1s, quantum computers use qubits. A qubit can be a 0,
a 1, or any linear combination of the two. And that is what we called a superposition.
We can also entangle multiple qubits. So their states become strongly correlated. In order
to change the states of qubits, we apply a series of gates, similar to the classical
logic gates. And in the end, we want to measure these qubits so we can get the results.
So how do we take all these concepts into code? And the answer is simple. We use a
quantum software development kit. In this video, we will be using Qiskit.
Which is the most widely used quantum SDK today.
Qiskit is based on Python, which is fairly simple to learn, even if you've never used it before.
So let's write a simple program in his Qiskit. In this program, we will use two qubits.
We will put one into superposition, entangle it with the other, and then
do a measurement of both of them. And of course, all that is done using gates.
So let's start by importing quantum circuit from Qiskit. We then can create a quantum circuit
with two quantum registers and two classical registers.
The quantum registers are used for quantum
computation. One for each qubit. And the classical registers are used to store the measured results.
We need a classical registers because even though the physical world is quantum,
the majority of the classical world is still classical.
And the classical registers allow us to bring quantum information back into the classical world.
So the next thing we want to do is apply some gates. And in this program,
we're going to apply two gates. The first one is the Hadamard gate
on qubit 0. The Hadamard gate puts the qubit into a superposition between 0
and 1. That means it now has an equal chance of being measured a 0 or 1.
The next gate we need is the control not gate, or "cx" for short.
The control not gate is a conditional two qubits gate. It has a control qubit
and the target qubit.
Without superposition, the control not gate is fairly simple to understand.
That is, it is as if the state of the control qubit is 1, then you flip the state of the target qubit.
And that's why it's called control not.
And because the states of least two qubits are now strongly correlated,
we now say they are entangled. So the last thing we want to do is actually do
measurements so we can get the outputs. And we do this by calling the measure all function.
And there you have it. We just wrote a simple quantum program using Qiskit. Now, if you take
this program and run it a bunch of times on an ideal quantum computer, you'll find out that
there's a 50% chance of the outputs being 00 and 50% chance of it being 11. But you would never
be a 01 or 10. The 50/50 of the first qubit comes from the superposition. And while
we didn't explicitly change the state of the second qubit, it got changed anyway because
it is entangled with the first qubit. So it changes with the first qubit.
So in this program, we created a quantum circuit which operates at the same level
as classical assembly language and allows you to efficiently manipulate the qubits directly.
However, if you're not fond of playing with low level circuits,
Qiskit also offers a number of higher level algorithms. For example, Qiskit has
a package focusing on machine learning that has a number of pre-built classes. You can take a
quantum kernel class, use it to train and test data. You can then take this trained quantum
kernel and pass it into a classical algorithm such as the support vector classification
from scikit-learn. Then you can then accelerate your classical application.
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